By the 1940s, immigration had returned to normal, and emigration declined. Racial tensions also increased during this time. There were mass migrations of people from badly hit areas in the Great Plains (the Okies) and the South to places such as California and the cities of the North (the Great Migration). citizens went to Canada, Australia and South Africa. Some immigrants went back to their native countries, and some native U.S. The Depression also resulted in an increase of emigration for the first time in American history. Roosevelt's economic recovery plan, the New Deal, instituted unprecedented programs for relief, recovery and reform, and brought about a major realignment of American politics. Three years into the depression, President Herbert Hoover, widely blamed for not doing enough to combat the crisis, lost the election of 1932 to Franklin Delano Roosevelt by a historically wide margin. The Depression caused major political changes in America. Unemployment rate in the US 1910–60, with the years of the Great Depression (1929–39) highlighted accurate data begins in 1939, represented by a blue line. The economy hit bottom in the winter of 1932–1933 then came four years of growth until the recession of 1937–1938 brought back high levels of unemployment. Also hard hit was the manufacturing of durable goods like automobiles and appliances, whose purchase consumers could postpone. Industries that suffered the most included construction, shipping, mining, logging and agriculture (compounded by dust-bowl conditions in the heartland). These all interacted to create a downward economic spiral of reduced spending, falling confidence and lowered production.
The usual explanations include numerous factors, especially high consumer debt, ill-regulated markets that permitted overoptimistic loans by banks and investors, and the lack of high-growth new industries. Altogether, there was a general loss of confidence in the economic future. The stock market crash marked the beginning of a decade of high unemployment, poverty, low profits, deflation, plunging farm incomes, and lost opportunities for economic growth as well as for personal advancement. In the United States, the Great Depression began with the Wall Street Crash of October 1929.
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